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Zbigniew
Duke of Poland
Portrait by Leonard Chodźko.
Reign 1102–1107
Born c. 1073
Birthplace Poland
Died 8 July 1113 (?)
Place of death Tyniec Abbey, Tyniec (?)
Predecessor Władysław I Herman
Successor Bolesław III Wrymouth
Royal House Piast
Father Władysław I Herman
Mother Przecława (Prawdzic?)

Zbigniew (b. ca. 1073[1] — d. 8 July 1113?[2]), Duke of Poland (in Greater Poland, Kuyavia and Masovia) from 1102 until 1107.

Contents

Life

Early years

Zbigniew was the first-born son of Prince Władysław I Herman by a certain Przecława, who apparently belonged to the Prawdzic clan.[3][4] The actual status of Zbigniew's mother has been a matter of dispute among historians: some believe that she was only Władysław's mistress and others assert that they were married but only under pagan rituals and, in consequence, the union wasn't recognized by the Church as a valid marriage.[5][6] Whatever the truth is, Zbigniew was raised at his father's court enjoying all respects.[7]

Prince Władysław assumed the Polish throne in 1079 after the deposition of his older brother Bolesław II the Bold. In 1080 the now Duke Władysław I married with the Bohemian princess Judith, daughter of Duke Vratislaus II of Bohemia. Soon after Przecława was sent away; according to some sources, she took the veil and died around 1092.[8][9]

The apparent barrenness of the Duchess encouraged Zbigniew's expectations to succeeded his father despite his illegitimacy. However in 1085, likely due to the pressure of the barons, Duke Władysław I recalled Mieszko Bolesławowic the only son of the deposed Bolesław II from his exile in Hungary.[10] The young prince accepted the overlordship of his uncle and gave up his hereditary claims in exchange for becoming first in line of succession; in addition, he received the district of Kraków.[11]

Removal of Zbigniew's hereditary rights

In 1086, and after six years of marriage, Duchess Judith gave birth a son, the future Bolesław III Wrymouth. This event changed Zbigniew's situation diametrically.

Now with a legitimate son and heir, both Zbigniew and Mieszko positions were threatened by Duke Władysław I. In the case of Mieszko, he was forced to accept him because he was popular among the nobility; however, in 1089 the young prince died under mysterious circumstances, probably by poisoning.[12]

Zbigniew began his studies in order to follow the Church career. In 1086 he was named Canon of Kraków,[5] where he studied under the tutelage of his paternal grandmother, the Dowager Duchess Maria Dobroniega.[13] Zbigniew, however, was still too young to be ordained a priest.[14]

In 1089 Zbigniew's father, after the death of his Bohemian wife, married again with Judith of Swabia, sister of Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor and widow of the ex-King Solomon of Hungary. The relationship between the new Duchess and her stepsons was cold, especially with the first-born Zbigniew. It's thanks to her intrigues that in 1089, Władysław I sent Zbigniew to Saxony,[15] and placed him in the Quedlinburg Abbey, where the Abbess was Judith-Sophia's sister, Adelaide.[16] This actions showed the Duke's efforts to get rid of Zbigniew, making him a monk and ineligible for the succession[17][18] and, after Mieszko's death, this two events allowed Duke Władysław I to eliminate the two pretenders to the Polish throne, protect the heritage of his legitimate son Bolesław and undermine the growing opposition against his rule.[19]

Usurpation of Sieciech

During his stay in Quedlinburg, Zbigniew's father fell into dependence on his supporter, Count Palatine Sieciech. He is probably owed his elevation to the throne.[20] Sieciech was the first guardian of the minor prince Bolesław. In his plans to seize power over the country, the Count Palatine gained the support of Duchess Judith-Sophia.[21]

In 1090 Sieciech, with help of Polish forces under his command, managed to gain control over Gdańsk Pomerania, albeit for a short time. Major towns were garrisoned by Polish troops, the rest were burned, in order to thwart any future resistance. Several months later, however, a rebellion of native elites led to the restoration of the region’s independence from Poland.[22] The following year, an attempt to recover the domain of Gdańsk Pomerania was unsuccessfully.[23]

Sieciech's coin.

At that time, Poland politics were involved in the Russian case. The Rostislavich line not recognize the Polish sovereignty, leading hostile politics (especially Prince Vasilko of Terebovlia, who was allied with the Cumans) and invading the country.[24] Sieciech became then in the undisputed ruler of the country, and made his own coin. In the absence of a ruler, he held the highest military functions in the country. Also, he give the highest court dignities to his supporters.[20][25] The main objectives of Sieciech were simple: ambition, lust for power and desire to enrich himself. To achieve them, the Count Palatine was able to use violent means.[21] After Sieciech repressive actions, there has been a massive political emigration from the Polish territories to Bohemia.

Return. Act of Legitimization

The tiranical rule of the Count Palatine soon turn against him. In 1093, a group of powerful Silesian lords kidnapped Zbigniew from Quedlinburg and brought back to Poland.[26] Firstly, Zbigniew found shelter at the side of Magnus, Castellan of Wrocław. Duke Władysław I considered this an open rebellion. The Hungarian nobility also supported Zbigniew and give meals to the rebels; also, they kidnapped both Sieciech and Prince Bolesław. This behavior forced the Duke to recognized Zbigniew as the rightful successor to the throne.

In 1093, Duke Władysław I issued an Act of Legitimization under which he recognized Zbigniew as his son and member of the Piast dynasty; also, was given to him the right to succeed to the throne. Following Sieciech and Bolesław’s escape from Hungary an expedition against Zbigniew was mounted by the Count Palatine. It’s aim was to nullify the Act of Legitimization. The contestants met at the Battle of Goplo in 1096, where Sieciech’s forces completely defeated the supporters of Zbigniew, who was taken captured and imprisoned; however, he regained his freedom a year later (1 May 1097) due to the intervention of the bishops.[27][28] At the same time his rights guaranteed by the Act of Legitimization were returned to him.[29]

The plans of Sieciech and Duchess Judith-Sophia to take the complete control over the country were discovered by Zbigniew; his young half-brother Bolesław became in his ally. In 1098, both princes prevailed on their father to give them separate provinces. The Duke was forced to accept and made the formal division of his domains.[30] Zbigniew received Greater Poland (included Gniezno), Kuyavia, Łęczyca Land and Sieradz Land; Bolesław obtained Lesser Poland, Silesia and Lubusz Land.[31] Duke Władysław I kept control of Masovia and its capital at Plock; also, could retained control of the most important cities i.e. Wrocław, Kraków and Sandomierz.[32][33]

Defeat and Exile of Sieciech

The division of the country greatly alarmed the Count Palatine, who feared that the disminution of his master's power could undermine his own situation.[34] He then began preparations for a military settlement of the issue and gained the Duke’s support for it. The position of Duke Władysław I was strange because he chose to support Sieciech’s cause instead of his own sons.[35] After hear of the expedition, Zbigniew and Bolesław renewed their alliance, who took place at the Wiec organized in Wrocław by the magnate Skarbmir. There it was decided to remove the current guardian of Bolesław, a noble named Wojslaw (a Sieciech's relative) and arrange an expedition against the Count Palatine. Subsequently in 1099 the troops of both Sieciech and Duke Władysław I faced with the forces of Zbigniew and Bolesław near Zarnowiec by the river Pilica. The rebel forces were victorious and the humilliated Duke was obliged to permanently remove Sieciech from the position of Count Palatine.

A few months later, the opposition forces have been directed towards Sieciechów,[36] where the former Count Palatine was hidden. Surprisingly, Duke Władysław I, with a few branches come to the aid of Sieciech. In this situation, the princes decided the deposition of their father. Zbigniew marched against Masovia, where he was to take control of Płock, while Bołeslaw was directed to the South. The intention of the two brothers, was the encirclement of Duke Władysław I; however, he could predicted the maneuver and could sent back his forces to Masovia. The definitive conflict between both forces took place near Płock. Duke Władysław I was completely defeated and was forced to exile Sieciech from the country.[37] The ex-Count Palatine left Poland Palatine left around 1100/1101. Is known that he took refuge in German lands. However, is known that he eventually returned to Poland after several years of exile, but didn't play any political role again. He may have been blinded. Duke Władysław I died on 4 June 1102.[38]

Duke of Poland

Struggle for the supremacy (1102-1106)

After their father's death, the division of the country between Zbigniew and Bolesław III was maintained almost exactly as was done in 1098, with the exception that Zbigniew received Masovia (with Płock) and Bolesław III obtain Sandomierz from the late Duke's domains. However, soon arose disputes between the brothers; it's probable that the main reason was the fact that Zbigniew, as the oldest, considered himself as the Senior Duke,[39][40] a right who was recognized to him by the Polish society.[41]

The two states created after the division were virtually separated. Both Dukes maintain different internal and foreign politics, and this caused that some times the brothers were enemies. The case of Pomerania proved to a delicate matter. Zbigniew was a strong opponent of Bolesław III anti-Pomeranian politics and wanted to keep good relations with the northern neighbor. With one of the first organized expeditions to Pomerania by Bolesław III he managed to convinced the knights to turn back and return home, which caused the fury of the Junior Duke.[41] This situation didn't last long, because even following months the booty-hungry knights sided with Bolesław III, made some military expeditions to Pomerania and Prussia.[38]

Pomeranians retaliatory military actions, however, were directed against Zbigniew. The latter has established closer contacts with Bohemia, and wanted to exert pressure over Bolesław III and in this way obtain his definitive withdrawal from the Pomeranian affairs. The Junior Duke, by the other hand, strengthened his position through contacts with Hungary and Kievan Rus. The marriage of Bolesław III with Princess Zbysława (ca. 1103), daughter of Grand Prince Sviatopolk II of Kiev sealed his alliance with Kievan Rus.[39] Zbigniew see in this marriage and alliance with the Kievan ruler a directed attack against him; then he began his attempts to persuade Duke Borivoj II of Bohemia to invaded Bolesław III's domains.[42] Bolesław III, in response to this actions ravaged the Pomeranian border during 1104-1105. These expeditions brought a valuable loot and effectively ended the previous alliance of Zbigniew with the Pomeranians.[43]

In 1105 Zbigniew made an agreement with his brother,[43] under which both princes regarded a reciprocal compromise in matters of foreign policy; howeer, and despite further attempts to ended the matter (Tyniec Accord), the case of Pomerania remained unresolved.[44] In 1106, with the help of his Kievan and Hungarian allies, Bolesław III attacked Zbigniew’s territory. The combined forces could take without much problems Kalisz, Gniezno, Spycimierz and Leczyca,[45] occupying half of the Senior Duke's domains. Bolesław III also captured the ally of his older brother, Archbishop of Gniezno, Martin I.[46] Through the Bishop of Kraków, Baldwin, came to a settlement in Łęczyca,[47] where Zbigniew officially recognized Bolesław III as the High Duke of all Poland, and was forced to surrendering to him Greater Poland, Kuyavia, Łęczyca and Sieradz Land.[46] Zbigniew could retain Masovia, but only as a fief.[48]

Deposition and Exile

Zbigniew never accepted the overlordship of his younger half-brother; this was noted when he didn't fulfilled his duties as a vassal when commanded him to burn the fortress of Kurów in Puławy[49] and also refused to provide military to Bolesław III in a campaign against the Pomeranians in the winter of 1107-1108.

Bolesław III, with the help of his Kievan and Hungarian allies, began a final campaign to rid himself of Zbigniew. Their forces attacked Masovia, and quickly forced Zbigniew to surrender. As a punishment, the deposed Duke was banished from the country. From then Bolesław III was the sole lord of the Polish lands.[45][50] However, it's seems that the transfer of power to Bolesław III took place in early 1107, when Zbigniew still was in Masovia as a vassal.[47]

Second Return to Poland

Claims against Bolesław III

Polish-German War of 1109.

Zbigniew took refuge firstly in Pomerania and Bohemia; later, he went to the court of the Holy Roman Emperor Henry V.

In the meanwhile, Bolesław III attacked Bohemia (1108); thanks to this expedition, the planned German-Bohemian attack against Hungary failed.[46] In response to the aggressive politics of the Polish ruler, the Emperor made a retaliatory expedition against Poland with the support of Bohemian warriors (Polish-German War). As a pretext to this actions, Henry V declared his support to the exiled Zbigniew, who never gave up to his pretentions and wanted to regain his lost territories. The German ruler set an ultimatum to Bolesław III, under which he demanded in exchange for the abandonment of the expedition half of the Polish state to Zbigniew, the recognition of the sovereignty of the Holy Roman Empire, and the regular payment of 300 fine silver per year as a tribute, or provide 300 knights for military expeditions.[46][51]

Hostilities began in Silesian territory. The Imperial troops faced the strong resistance of the defenders of Bytom Odrzański, Głogów, and Wrocław, whose apogee was the heroic defense of Głogów (Battle of Głogów, 14 August 1109). Thanks to this heroic defense of the Silesian castles, Henry V failed to obtain the victory. Bolesław III continue the resistance and gradually began to show positive results. Ultimately, King Henry V retired to Silesia (Battle of Hundsfeld, 24 August 1109). It's worth noting the participation of villagers in defending the castles; this actins showed the first traces of the Polish nationalism.[52] Zbigniew escape to Bohemia.

Blinding and Death

Tyniec Abbey

Since his exile in Bohemia, Zbigniew arranged armed robbery in Silesia. This finally caused a retaliatory expedition against Bohemia by Bolesław III (1110). Despite the massacre of Bohemian warriors, the Polish ruler failed to settle his pretender Soběslav in the throne of Bohemia.

In 1111 a truce was concluded between the Duke Vladislav I of Bohemia and Bolesław III. Under the terms of this agreement was made an specific transaction: the Bohemian ruler allowed to return home to prince Soběslav, and the Polish Duke obtain the return of Zbigniew to Poland. Zbigniew was received back in Poland and furnished with a grant (probably Sieradz);[53] but, according to Gallus Anonymus, he maintain his arrogance and caused the anger of his brother, who committed an act who regret forever; however, the chronicle Cosmas of Prague, stated that the punishment of Bolesław III was calculated:

"three days after his brother Zbigniew made the oath of fidelity was called with tricks and deprived of his eyes."[54]

For this crime, Bolesław III was excommunicated by the Archbishop of Gniezno, Martin I, whom remained as a strong supporter of Zbigniew.[55] According to Gallus Anonymus, the Polish ruler held after repentance, received a pardon from his brother Zbigniew.[56]

About Zbigniew's death nothing is known. An interesting reference contains an obituary of the Benedictine monastery in Lubin. On 8 July 1113, is recorded in it the death of a monk of Tyniec Abbey, brother Zbigniew. This obituary served to historians to propose the hypothesis that he was Bolesław III's brother. The place of burial is marked there as Benedictine monastery in Tyniec.[57]

See also

Bibliography

References

  1. ^ Some sources gives date of birth after 1070 (WIEM Encyklopedia) and date of death 1112 (Gieysztor 1979, p. 138, 668).
  2. ^ M. Spórna, P. Wierzbicki: Słownik władców Polski i pretendentów do tronu polskiego, p. 501; B. Snoch: Protoplasta książąt śląskich. Katowice, 1985, p. 13, ISBN 83-216-0644-X.
  3. ^ K. Jasiński, Rodowód pierwszych Piastów, Wrocław – Warszaw (1992).
  4. ^ According to J. Wagilewicza, Zbigniew's mother was named Krystyna; O. Balzer: Genealogia Piastów, p. 107. Today it is widely accepted that the mother of Zbigniew was Przecława, member of the Prawdzic family. See A. Nawrot: Encyklopedia Historia, Kraków 2007, p. 738. ISBN 978-83-7327-782-3.
  5. ^ a b M. Spórna, P. Wierzbicki: Słownik władców Polski i pretendentów do tronu polskiego, p. 499.
  6. ^ O. Balzer: Genealogia Piastów, p. 107, don't considered Zbigniew's mother as Władysław I's wife; T. Grudziński believed that until 1080, Władysław I remained unmarried. By the other hand, many other historians asserted that Zbigniew's mother was the first wife of Władysław I. K. Jasiński: Rodowód pierwszych Piastów. Poznań, 2004, p. 164. ISBN 83-7063-409-5.
  7. ^ S. Trawkowski: Zbigniew [in]: Poczet królów i książąt polskich. Warsaw 1978, p. 72.
  8. ^ Krystyna Przecława Prawdzic
  9. ^ R. Grodecki, S. Zachorowski, J. Dąbrowski: Dzieje Polski średniowiecznej, vol. I, p. 130.
  10. ^ R. Grodecki, S. Zachorowski, J. Dąbrowski: Dzieje Polski średniowiecznej, vol I. pp. 127-128.
  11. ^ The designation of this district was Władysław I's guarantee, and was meant to keep the status quo. M. Spórna, P. Wierzbicki: Słownik władców Polski i pretendentów do tronu polskiego, p. 353.
  12. ^ M. Spórna, P. Wierzbicki: Słownik władców Polski i pretendentów do tronu polskiego, p. 353.
  13. ^ Giving Zbigniew the Kraków canonry was in order to alienated him from the power. The main instigator of this decision was probably Duchess Judith, mother of Bolesław III. K. Maleczyński, Bolesław III Krzywousty pp 22-23.
  14. ^ S. Trawkowski: Władysław I Herman [in]: Poczet królów i książąt polskich, Warsaw 1978, p. 67.
  15. ^ K. Maleczyński: Bolesław III Krzywousty pp. 22-23.
  16. ^ M. Spórna, P. Wierzbicki: Słownik władców Polski i pretendentów do tronu polskiego, p. 229.
  17. ^ P. Ksyk-Gąsiorowska: Zbigniew, [in]: Piastowie. Leksykon biograficzny Kraków 1999, p. 72. ISBN 83-08-02829-2.
  18. ^ R. Grodecki believes that the confinement of Zbigniew in Quedlinburg was thanks to the Count Palatine Sieciech and Duchess Judith-Sophia. R. Grodecki, S. Zachorowski, J. Dąbrowski: Dzieje Polski średniowiecznej, vol I, p. 129.
  19. ^ The opposition gathered in two camps, with Mieszko Bolesławowic and Zbigniew, and claimed for the legal recognition of the two princes as lawful pretenders to the Polish throne. S. Szczur: Historia Polski – średniowiecze p. 117.
  20. ^ a b R. Grodecki, S. Zachorowski, J. Dąbrowski: Dzieje Polski średniowiecznej, vol. I, p. 128.
  21. ^ a b K. Maleczyński: Bolesław III Krzywousty, p. 30.
  22. ^ S. Szczur think that the plans of the Count Palatine to impose the Polish administration quickly in Pomerania was in order to made the rapid integration with Poland. S. Szczur: Historia Polski – średniowiecze, pp. 117-118.
  23. ^ In the battle over the Wda River in the next autumn and despite assistance of Bohemian troops, the Polish knights suffered a defeat. M. Spórna, P. Wierzbicki: Słownik władców Polski i pretendentów do tronu polskiego, p. 445.
  24. ^ K. Maleczyński: Bolesław III Krzywousty, p. 26.
  25. ^ M. Spórna, P. Wierzbicki: Słownik władców Polski i pretendentów do tronu polskiego, p. 445.
  26. ^ R. Grodecki, S. Zachorowski, J. Dąbrowski: Dzieje Polski średniowiecznej, vol. I, p. 129.
  27. ^ L. Korczak: Władysław I Herman [in]: Piastowie. Leksykon biograficzny, Kraków 1999, p. 65. ISBN 83-08-02829-2.
  28. ^ Zbigniew release occurred at the consecration of the rebuilt Gniezno Cathedral. R. Grodecki, S. Zachorowski, J. Dąbrowski: Dzieje Polski średniowiecznej, vol. I, p. 131.
  29. ^ R. Grodecki, S. Zachorowski, J. Dąbrowski: Dzieje Polski średniowiecznej, vol. I, p. 131.
  30. ^ According to K. Maleczyński, the decision to give separated districts to both Zbigniew and Bolesław was already made in 1093, and the first actual division of the Principality was in a few years later. K. Maleczyński: Bolesław III Krzywousty, pp. 34-35.
  31. ^ Historians have presented different views about the division of the country. R. Grodecki think that first division came during the reign of Duke Władysław I, in the years 1097-1098, and the second took place after his death in 1102, under the arbitration of Archbishop Martin. R. Grodecki, S. Zachorowski, J. Dąbrowski: Dzieje Polski średniowiecznej, vol. I, pp. 131-135. G. Labuda believes that the division occurred around 1097, but only when Bolesław had completed 12 years. G. Labuda: Korona i infuła. Od monarchii do poliarchii, Kraków 1996, pp. 16-69. ISBN 83-03-03659-9. K. Maleczyński the date of the first division for the year 1099. J. Wyrozumski: Historia Polski do roku 1505, Warsaw 1984, p. 101. ISBN 83-01-03732-6.
  32. ^ S. Szczur: Historia Polski – średniowiecze, p. 119.
  33. ^ Zbigniew should rule over Masovia, after the death of his father. This district, along with Wrocław, Kraków and Sandomierz had to ensure the future control and full authority over the state. R. Grodecki, S. Zachorowski, J. Dąbrowski: Dzieje Polski średniowiecznej, vol. I, pp. 131-132.
  34. ^ S. Szczur: Historia Polski – średniowiecze, p. 120.
  35. ^ Zdzisław S. Pietras, Bolesław Krzywousty, Cieszyn 1978, pp. 45-60.
  36. ^ P. Jasienica: Polska Piastów, Warsaw 2007, p. 116. ISBN 978-83-7469-479-7.
  37. ^ Z. S. Pietras: Bolesław Krzywousty Cieszyn 1978, p. 58.
  38. ^ a b P. Jasienica: Polska Piastów, Warsaw 2007, p. 117. ISBN 978-83-7469-479-7.
  39. ^ a b S. Szczur: Historia Polski – średniowiecze, p. 121.
  40. ^ R. Grodecki, believes that the principle of the Seniorate was established by Zbigniew. R. Grodecki, S. Zachorowski, J. Dąbrowski: Dzieje Polski średniowiecznej, vol. I, pp. 135-136. Another view was showed by G. Labuda, which indicates that Zbigniew not considered the Seniorate concept, and only applied the principle of equality since 1102. G. Labuda: Korona i infuła. Od monarchii do poliarchii, Kraków 1996, pp. 16-17, ISBN 83-03-03659-9.
  41. ^ a b R. Grodecki, S. Zachorowski, J. Dąbrowski: Dzieje Polski średniowiecznej, vol. I, p. 135.
  42. ^ R. Drogi, Państwo Czeskie Przemyślidów (historia Czech, vol. III, cap. 1) Access 10 November 2005
  43. ^ a b M. Spórna, P. Wierzbicki: Słownik władców Polski i pretendentów do tronu polskiego, p. 62.
  44. ^ K. Maleczyński: Bolesław III Krzywousty, pp. 59-60.
  45. ^ a b R. Grodecki, S. Zachorowski, J. Dąbrowski: Dzieje Polski średniowiecznej, vol. I, p. 137.
  46. ^ a b c d M. Spórna, P. Wierzbicki: Słownik władców Polski i pretendentów do tronu polskiego, p. 500.
  47. ^ a b S. Szczur: Historia Polski – średniowiecze, p. 122.
  48. ^ K. Maleczyński: Bolesław III Krzywousty, p. 65.
  49. ^ K. Maleczyński: Bolesław III Krzywousty, p. 68.
  50. ^ M. Spórna, P. Wierzbicki: Słownik władców Polski i pretendentów do tronu polskiego, p. 63.
  51. ^ K. Olejnik: Cedynia, Niemcza, Głogów, Krzyszków, Kraków 1988. ISBN 83-03-02038-2.
  52. ^ R. Grodecki, S. Zachorowski, J. Dąbrowski: Dzieje Polski średniowiecznej, vol I, p. 139.
  53. ^ P. Ksyk-Gąsiorowska: Zbigniew, [in:] Piastowie. Leksykon biograficzny, Kraków 1999, p. 75. ISBN 83-08-02829-2.
  54. ^ The dates of Zbigniew blindness is disputed among historians. The year 1110 is mentioned by Kosmas of Prague in his chronicles: Kosmasa Kronika Czechów. Warsaw 1968, p. 115. For the year 1111: Giesebrecht: Wendische Geschichte aus den Jahren 780 - 1182. Berlin: 1843, p. 176; M. Gumblowicz: Zur Geschichte Polens im Mittelalter. Zwei kritische Untersuchunden über die Chronik Baldwin Gallus. Aus dem Nachlass des Verfassers herausgegeben. Innsbruck 1898, p. 94. For the year 1112: O. Balzer: Genealogia Piastów, p. 117; S. Szczur: Historia Polski – średniowiecze, p. 124; T. Tyc: Zbigniew i Bolesław [in]: Arcybiskup Marcin i Gniezno, Poznań: 1927, p. 23. For the years 1112-1113: R. Grodecki [in]: Gall Anonim: Kronika polska, Kraków 1923, pp. 28-29; M. Plezia [in]: Gall Anonim: Kronika polska, p. 38. See also B. Kozłowski: Death of Prince Zbigniew, brother of Bolesław Wrymouth (in Polish) [Access 2 September 2009]; for the year of 1113: K. Maleczyński, Bolesław III Krzywousty, pp. 70-75.
  55. ^ T. Tyc: Zbigniew i Bolesław [in]: Arcybiskup Marcin i Gniezno, Poznań 1927, pp. 30-40.
  56. ^ Gall Anonim: Kronika polska, Wrocław: 2003, p. 159. ISBN 83-04-04610-5.
  57. ^ M. Spórna, P. Wierzbicki: Słownik władców Polski i pretendentów do tronu polskiego, p. 501; B. Snoch: Protoplasta książąt śląskich, Katowice 1985, p. 13. ISBN 83-216-0644-X.
Zbigniew of Poland
Piast Dynasty
Born: ca. 1073 Died: 8 June? 1113?
Preceded by
Władysław I Herman		 Duke of Poland
with Bolesław III
1102–1107		 Succeeded by
Bolesław III Wrymouth
v • d • e
Monarchs of Poland
Legendary and semi-legendary
Piast
Fragmentation period
(Supreme Princes)
Přemyslid
Piast
Capet-Anjou
Jagiellon
Elected

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