SELECT SQL_CACHE UNCOMPRESS(`cache`), `timestamp` FROM `hache` WHERE `hash` = '78646f94d20f674d775c889d1abd6b4b' LIMIT 1Quaest.io on Cornelius Drebbel

Quaest.io*
 
 " what would you like to know? " 

Human knowledge database for you to search: based on open-source user-edited information from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia under the .

Cornelius Drebbel edit the Wikipedia entry

ODP's article on cornelius drebbel h

Cornelis Drebbel

Cornelius Drebbel
Born 1572
Alkmaar
Died November 7, 1633
London
Education Hendrick Goltzius
Occupation inventor & innovator
Spouse(s) Sophia Jansdochter Goltz
Children four

Cornelis Jacobszoon Drebbel[1] (Alkmaar, Holland, 1572 – London, November 7, 1633) was the Dutch inventor of the first navigable submarine in 1620. Drebbel was an innovator who contributed to the development of measurement and control systems, optics and chemistry.

Contents

Early life

After some years at the Latin school in Alkmaar, around 1590, Cornelis attended the Academy in Haarlem, also located in North-Holland. Teachers at the Academy were Hendrick Goltzius, engraver, painter and humanist, Karel van Mander, painter, writer, humanist and Cornelis Corneliszoon of Haarlem. Cornelis became a skilled engraver.

In 1595 he married Sophia Jansdochter Goltz, sister of Hendrick. They had 4 children. In 1600, Drebbel was in Middelburg where he built a fountain at the Noorderpoort. He met there with Hans Lipperhey, spectacle maker and constructor of telescopes and his colleague Zacharias Jansen. There Drebbel learned lens grinding and optics. Around 1604 the Drebbel family moved to England, probably at the invitation of the new king, James I of England (VI of Scotland). Drebbel also worked at the masques, that are performed by and for the court. And he is related to the court of Renaissance crown-prince Henry. In 1610 Drebbel and family were invited to come to the court of Emperor Rudolf II in Prague. After Rudolf's death in 1612, Drebbel went back to London. Unfortunately his patron prince Henry had also died and Drebbel was in financial trouble.

Drebbel's legacy

First navigable submarine

In 1619 Drebbel designed and built telescopes and microscopes and was involved in a building project for the Duke of Buckingham. William Boreel, the Dutch Ambassador to England, mentions the microscope that was developed by Drebbel.[2] Drebbel became famous for his invention in 1621 of a microscope with two convex lenses. Several authors, including Christiaan Huygens assign the invention of the compound microscope to Drebbel. However, a Neapolitan, named Fontana, claimed the discovery for himself in 1618.[3] Other sources attribute the invention of the compound microscope directly to Hans Jansen and his son Zacharias around 1595.[4] In 1624 Galileo sent a Drebbel-type microscope to Federico Cesi (1585–1630), a wealthy noble man in Rome who used it to illustrate Apiarum, his book about bees.[5]

He also built the first navigable submarine in 1620 while working for the English Royal Navy.[6][7] Using William Bourne's design from 1578, he manufactured a steerable submarine with a leather-covered wooden frame. Between 1620 and 1624 Drebbel successfully built and tested two more submarines, each one bigger than the last. The final (third) model had 6 oars and could carry 16 passengers. This model was demonstrated to King James I in person and several thousand Londoners. The submarine stayed submerged for three hours and could travel from Westminster to Greenwich and back, cruising at a depth of from 12 to 15 feet (4 to 5 metres). Drebbel even took James in this submarine on a test dive beneath the Thames, making James I the first monarch to travel underwater. [8] This submarine was tested many times in the Thames, but it couldn't attract enough enthusiasm from the Admiralty and was never used in combat.

To re-oxygenate the air inside one or more of these submarines, he likely generated oxygen by heating nitre (potassium nitrate or sodium nitrate) in a metal pan to make it emit oxygen. That would also turn the nitrate into sodium or potassium oxide or hydroxide, which would tend to absorb carbon dioxide from the air around. That may explain how Drebbel's men were not affected by carbon dioxide build-up as much as would be expected. If so, he accidentally made a crude rebreather nearly three centuries before Fluess and Davis.[9] Drebbel had been taught by the alchemist Michael Sendivogius (1566–1636) (perhaps when both were at the court of Rudolf II) that warming nitre produced oxygen (considered the food of life).[10] The most reliable source suggesting the use of oxygen is a note by Robert Boyle. In 1662 Boyle wrote that he had spoken with an excellent mathematician, who was still alive and had been on the submarine, who said that Drebbel had a chemical liquor that would replace that quintessence of air that was able to cherish the vital flame residing in the heart.

Drebbel's most famous written work was Een kort Tractaet van de Natuere der Elementen[11] (A short treatise of the nature of the elements) (Haarlem, 1621). He was also involved in the invention of mercury fulminate.[12]. He had found out that mixtures of “spiritus vini” with mercury and silver in “aqua fortis” could explode [13]

Drebbel also invented a chicken incubator and a mercury thermostat that automatically kept it at a constant temperature. This is one of the first recorded feedback-controlled devices. He also developed and demonstrated a working air conditioning system. The invention of a working thermometer is also ascribed to Drebbel [14]

Towards the end of his life, in 1633, Drebbel was involved in a plan to drain the Fens around Cambridge, while living in near-poverty running an ale house in England.

A small lunar crater Drebbel has been named after him.

A theory in Renaissance Magazine (issue #53, March 2007) speculates that the Voynich Manuscript may be Drebbel's cipher notebook on microscopy and alchemy.

Scarlet Dye

The story goes that, while making a coloured liquid for a thermometer Cornelius dropped a flask of Aqua regia on a tin window sill, and discovered that stannous chloride makes the color of carmine much brighter and more durable. Though the inventor himself never made much money from his work, his daughters Anna and Catharina and his sons-in-law Abraham and Johannes Sibertus Kuffler set up a very successful dye works. One was set up in 1643 in Bow, London, and the resulting color was called bow dye.[15] The recipe for "color Kufflerianus" was kept a family secret and the new bright red color was all the rage in Europe.[16] [17]

Drebbel in popular culture

Drebbel was honored in an episode of the cartoon Sealab 2021 during a submarine rescue of workers on a research station in the Arctic. A German U-boat captain, who mysteriously "came with the sub", fired a pistol in celebration at the mention of Drebbel, to shouts of, "SIEG HEIL! CORNELIUS DREBBEL!" Also, on the Sealab 2021 Season 3 DVD, Cornelius Drebbel has two DVD commentaries devoted to the story of his life. However, the first is highly inaccurate and the narrator of the second gets easily distracted, so much so that he spends most of the eleven minutes of commentary talking about the languages of northern Europe and the domestic policies of the Swiss.

Also, a portrayal of Cornelis Drebbel and his submarine can be briefly seen in The Four Musketeers (1974). A small leatherclad submersible surfaces off the coast of England, and the top opens clamshell-wise revealing Cornelius Drebbel and the Duke of Buckingham.

In the Dutch Eighty Years War comic Gilles de Geus, Drebbel is a supporting character to the comics warhero Gilles. He is drawn as a typical crazy inventor, similar to Q in the Bond-series. His submarine plays a role in the comic.

Notes

  1. ^ Drebbel's website www.drebbel.net
  2. ^ The Microscope – Its Design, Construction and Applications by F. S. Spiers
  3. ^ A Practical treatise on the use of the microscope by John Quekett, John Thomas Quekett
  4. ^ Under the microscope by William J. Croft
  5. ^ The Dawn of Microscopy, by David Bardell © 2005 National Association of Biology Teachers.
  6. ^ Davis, RH (1955). Deep Diving and Submarine Operations (6th ed.). Tolworth, Surbiton, Surrey: Siebe Gorman & Company Ltd. p. 693. 
  7. ^ Acott, C. (1999). "A brief history of diving and decompression illness.". South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society journal 29 (2). ISSN 0813-1988. OCLC 16986801. http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/6004. Retrieved 2009-03-17. 
  8. ^ King James VI and I
  9. ^ "Cornelis Drebbel: inventor of the submarine". Dutch Submarines. http://www.dutchsubmarines.com/specials/special_drebbel.htm. Retrieved 2008-02-23. 
  10. ^ Michael Sendivogius, The Alchemical Letters of Michael Sendivogius to the Rosicrucian Society, Holmes Pub Group Llc, ISBN 155818404X
  11. ^ Een Kort Tractaet van de Natuere der Elementen C. Drebbel, 1621
  12. ^ Advanced Main Group Chemistry (I) – Rings, Chains, Clusters
  13. ^ F. Kurzer: “Fulminic Acid in the History of Organic Chemistry“, J. Chem. Educ. 2000, 77, 851
  14. ^ Scientific American. / Volume 5, Issue 50, August 31, 1850
  15. ^ A history of inventions and discoveries, Volume 2,Johann Beckmann,1817
  16. ^ Amy Butler Greenfield,A Perfect Red,Harper Collins 2005,ISBN 0-06-052275-5
  17. ^ Diary of Samuel Pepys

References

  • BBC bio
  • Brett McLaughlin, Cornelis Drebbel and the First Submarine (1997)
  • L.E. Harris, The Two Netherlanders, Humphrey Bradley and Cornelis Drebbel (Cambridge, 1961)
  • (Dutch) F.M. Jaeger, Cornelis Drebbel en zijne tijdgenooten, (Groningen, 1922)
  • Who was Cornelis J. Drebbel ?

External links

© 2010-2010 quaest.io, hosted by Vacilando